Present Continuous
Şu an olan, geçici durum, planlar
▶️
📖 Ne Zaman Kullanılır?
Şu an olup bitenler: "I am eating right now." ← tam bu anda
Geçici durumlar: "She is living in Istanbul for a few months." ← kalıcı değil
Yakın gelecek planlar: "We are meeting tomorrow at 5." ← ayarlanmış plan
📐 Yapı: am/is/are + fiil-ing
| Kişi | Olumlu | Olumsuz |
| I | I am working | I am not working |
| He/She/It | She is working | She isn't working |
| You/We/They | They are working | They aren't working |
⚠️ Dikkat! Bazı fiiller -ing almaz
State verbs (durum fiilleri) — bunları Present Continuous ile kullanma:
know, like, love, hate, want, need, believe, understand, seem, have (sahip olmak)
❌ "I am knowing the answer."
✅ "I know the answer."
🧠 Present Simple vs Continuous
🎬
Film Metaforu
Present Simple = fotoğraf — genel, değişmeyen gerçek
Present Continuous = video — şu an oynanıyor, hareket var
"She works at a hospital." (genel gerçek)
"She is working right now." (tam bu an, devam ediyor)
Articles: a / an / the
Türkçede yok, ama İngilizcede zorunlu
📌
📖 Temel Kural
| Article | Ne Zaman? | Örnek |
| a | Ünsüz sesle başlayan, ilk kez bahsedilen | I saw a cat. |
| an | Ünlü sesle başlayan, ilk kez bahsedilen | She is an engineer. |
| the | Zaten bilinen, özgün, tekil evrendeki şey | The cat was black. |
| — (hiç) | Çoğul veya sayılamaz, genel anlam | I love music. Cats are cute. |
🧠 Akılda Kalıcı İpucu
🎯
A/AN için SES kuralı, yazı değil!
"An hour" — h sessiz okunur → an ✅
"A university" — "yu" sesiyle başlar → a ✅
THE için: Dünyada tek olan şeyler → the sun, the moon, the president, the internet
Hikayede tekrar bahsederken → "I bought a car. The car is red."
⚠️ En Sık Yapılan Hatalar
❌ "I want to be a engineer." → ✅ "an engineer" (ünlü ses)
❌ "The life is beautiful." → ✅ "Life is beautiful." (genel anlam)
❌ "I go to the school every day." → ✅ "I go to school." (amaç, kurum)
Past Simple
Geçmişte tamamlanmış olaylar
⏮️
📖 Ne Zaman Kullanılır?
Geçmişte tamamlanan, kesin zamanlı olaylar:
"I watched a movie last night." ← dün gece, bitti
"She called me yesterday." ← dün, bitti
"They met in 2010." ← kesin tarih
Anahtar kelimeler: yesterday, last week/year, in 2010, ago, when I was...
📐 Düzenli Fiiller: +ed
| Olumlu | Olumsuz | Soru |
| I worked | I didn't work | Did you work? |
| She called | She didn't call | Did she call? |
⚠️ Düzensiz Fiiller — En Sık 15'i
| Base | Past Simple | Anlam |
| go | went | gitmek |
| come | came | gelmek |
| see | saw | görmek |
| get | got | almak / olmak |
| make | made | yapmak |
| say | said | demek |
| know | knew | bilmek |
| take | took | almak |
| think | thought | düşünmek |
| buy | bought | satın almak |
| give | gave | vermek |
| tell | told | söylemek |
| begin | began | başlamak |
| leave | left | ayrılmak / bırakmak |
| feel | felt | hissetmek |
🧠 Past Simple vs Present Perfect
🎯
Altın Kural
"When? (Ne zaman?)" sorusuna cevap verebiliyorsan → Past Simple
"I visited Paris in 2019." ✅ (tarih belli)
Tarih belirsizse, deneyim anlatıyorsan → Present Perfect
"I have visited Paris." ✅ (ne zaman önemli değil, gitme deneyimi var)
🎨 Cümle Yapısı (Renk Kodu)
Olumlu — Düzenli
She
watched
a movie
last night.
Olumlu — Düzensiz
They
went
to
Paris
in 2022.
Olumsuz
I
didn't
see
him
yesterday.
Soru
Did
you
enjoy
the party?
💬 Gerçek Hayat Diyaloğu
Mark
What did you do this weekend?
Lisa
I went to the cinema and watched a great film.
Mark
Oh nice! What film did you see?
Lisa
I saw Interstellar. I loved it. Did you see it?
Mark
No, I didn't. I stayed home all weekend.
Reported Speech
Birinin söylediklerini aktarmak
💬
📖 Nedir?
Birisinin söylediğini aktarırken zamanları bir adım geriye kaydırırız.
Direct: She said, "I am tired."
Reported: She said (that) she was tired.
Direct: He said, "I will call you."
Reported: He said he would call me.
📐 Zaman Kayması (Backshift)
| Direct (söylenen) | Reported (aktarılan) |
| am / is / are | was / were |
| was / were | had been |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| have / has + pp | had + pp |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect (had + pp) |
📐 Soru Aktarımı
Soru aktarırken soru işareti kalkar, yardımcı fiil öne gelmez:
Direct: "Where do you live?"
Reported: She asked me where I lived. ✅
Direct: "Are you happy?"
Reported: He asked me if I was happy. ✅ (evet/hayır sorularında "if" kullanılır)
🧠 Reporting Verbs
🗣️
Sadece "said" kullanma — çeşitlendir!
told (söyledi — kişiyle birlikte) → "He told me that..."
asked (sordu) → "She asked if..."
warned (uyardı) → "He warned me not to..."
promised (söz verdi) → "She promised to..."
suggested (önerdi) → "He suggested going..."
said vs told: "She said that..." ✅ / "She told that..." ❌ → "She told me that..." ✅
💬 Gerçek Hayat Diyaloğu
Amy
What did Jake say about the party?
Beth
He said he was coming but he might be late.
Beth
He told me he had to finish some work first.
Amy
He also asked me if the food would be good.